A Review on the Role of Expert System in Nephrology

A Review on the Role of Expert System in Nephrology Mr. Sagar S. Mali, Dr. R. V. Kulkarni Abstract Expert system refers to ability of the machine to collect data, performing operations on that data, and provide the correct and accurate results. The Expert system brings the intelligence like the human intelligence which is embedded into them by the computer programs. The use of Expert system in Nephrology concerns itself with the study of normal kidney function, kidney problems, and the treatment of kidney problems by the use of IT. There is need to transformation of the human expert knowledge to the machine. So that users of the system get the quick information about the particular disease in the field of Nephrology. The many researchers want to develop the system by using the fuzzy sets and neural computing. Author wants to present the exhaustive review on the role of expert system in Nephrology with special reference to kidney functions, kidney problems and kidney problem solutions through expert system. Keywords – Expert System, Nephrology INTRODUCTION The human body is the made up of the various parts. To take care of it the medical science exists from thousands of years and growth of its growing tremendously. It includes the various branches like biochemistry, molecular biology, medicinal chemistry, microbiology, neuroscience, physiology, nutrition, vision science and biomedical technology etc. In the recent era the use of IT for the medical science gives the precious contribution for the systematic development. The Medical Expert helps for diagnosing the medical disease that suggest to patients for about their health problems. But due to new amendments use of expert system is must. The Medical experts / doctors give treatment to patients with their experience and judgment. But sometimes he/she fails to treat the patient if the correct diagnosis is not made on patient disease or due to lacunas of expert Knowledge in the respective field. So it is the major problem for the junior doctors to learn new things and to patients also to know about their health problems because they can’t make experiment in reality because life is the very important. Another major problem is that the experienced Doctors/ Experts cannot always teach to junior or cannot tell to individual patients about their disease due to geographical location problems. It may require lot of cost and time for doctors and patients also. EXPERT SYSTEM Expert system refers to the mechanism which has the capability of collecting core data, process on it, analyze, make synthesis, perform operations, and provide the correct and accurate results which help to any individual or to any organization to take their best decisions. It is the specialized branch of Artificial Intelligence. Now days in various areas the expert system is working just like the medical, space research, security department, in banks and so on. The major use of the expert system to reduce the technical error related to business processing, logic processing and data processing. Expert systems are widely used in the field of medical to diagnose the patient disease. OBJECTIVE To take the review on the role of expert system in Nephrology with special reference to kidney functions, kidney problems and kidney problem solutions through expert system. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Laith R. Fleaih, in his paper â€Å"Expert system for Diagnosing kidney diseases† stated that the neural computing system designed to support the medical decision process using medical imaging databases and creating the optimal systems for ministry of the health to help the physician to making the correct decision with high certainty also give suitable medical device and can use for training the medical stuff easily. Main aim of the proposed system is the ability to diagnose of the kidney disease by in hospital or in the clinical center. Pornpimol Meemasuk and Chantana Chantrapornchai, presented paper â€Å"On the Development of Nutrition Information Systems for Kidney Disease Patients† focuses on the use of information system to aid kidney disease patients. There are various kinds of kidney diseases. Each of them requires the certain limitation of food nutrition, especially, sodium, potassium, protein, etc. In some situation, the protein may need to increase while in some case the protein needs to be decreased. Sandeep Soman, Gerard Zasuwa, Jerry Yee in the paper â€Å"Automation, Decision support and expert system in Nephrology † presented that increasing data suggest that errors in medicine occur frequently and result in substantial harm to the patient. Clinical decision support systems (cdsss) are active knowledge systems that use 2 or more items of patient data to generate case specific recommendations. This article describes how automation, templating, and cdss improve efficiency, patient care, and safety by reducing the frequency and consequences of medical errors in nephrology. M.Surendra Prasad Babu, L. Sreedhar, Dr. K. Rammurthy, in the paper â€Å"Hematology Expert System Using Rule Based Mechanism† stated The Hematology information system helps the people to know about the information about the different aspects of Hematology. The Hematology Advisory system helps the patients to get the required advices about the different diseases attacked to them due to their blood disorders. System is developed using JSP and MySQL. Wim Van Biesen, Guido Sieben, Norbert Lameire and Raymond Vanholder In their paper stated that the patients as having glomerular or tubular disease with a high sensitivity and predictive value. The rule-based system performs worse than the neural networks. The most adequate results were obtained with the hybrid system. They used Kohonen map is cap able of classifying the patients. Miroslave ivandic, walter hofmann and walter g guder, in his paper â€Å"Development and evaluation of a urine protein expert system† developed expert system that describes use of DSS for medical assessment of urine protein differentiation provides a standard of high and constant quality. A graduated and transparent decision process is implemented in the hybrid knowledge base that uses both production rule and geometric distance classification as complementary method of knowledge representation. Leonardo F. Duarte said in his research paper â€Å"Expert System for diagnosis and treatment of diabetes† that intelligent system gives diagnosis and steps to follow in order to achieve optimum health status for the patient. FINDINGS There is Expert system for Nephrology but all the aspects are not covered related to the nephrology. No fully implemented expert system is available which open source. The system is not used by the patients only doctors or experts are using it for diagnosis purpose in their clinic or hospitals. No web based full-fledged implementation. SUGGESTIONS Expert System in Nephrology which includes collection of disease data in well from and then it will make diagnosis. Also system should provide the suggestion for food nutrition to the kidney patients according to their age group. System will be open source which will be used by anybody across the world. System will provide the drugs information and exercise information to the patients also depending on their type and stage of kidney disease. CONCLUDING REMARK Although the literature presents that researches are made in the field of Nephrology but whole areas of it is not taken into consideration for developing the expert system. So author want to propose new research in all areas of Nephrology which includes diagnosis, suggestions, and food nutrition for the patients and system is developed by using open source platform. REFERENCES [1] Laith R. Fleaih, Expert system for diagnosing kidney diseases, international journal of computers technology, Vol.14, No. 3, Page 5517,Dec. 2014. [2] Pornpimol Meemasuk and Chantana Chantrapornchai, â€Å"On the Development of Nutrition Information Systems for Kidney Disease Patients†, International Journal of Database Theory and Application, Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2013. [3] Sandeep Soman, Gerard Zasuwa, Jerry Yee, â€Å"Automation, Decision support and expert system in Nephrology† US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health , 15(1):42-55, Jan 2008. [4] M.Surendra Prasad Babu, L. Sreedhar, Dr. K. Rammurthy, in the paper â€Å"Hematology Expert System Using Rule Based Mechanism†, ISSN: 2231-071 IJCSET | April 2011 | Vol 1, Issue 3,103-106. [5] Miroslave ivandic, walter hofmann and walter g guder, â€Å"Development and evaluation of a urine protein expert system†, Clinical chemistry 42, No. 8, 1996. [6] Leonardo F. Duarte said in his research paper â€Å"Expert System for diagnosis and treatment of diabetes†, spring 2003. [7] http://www.kidney.nyc/kidney-disease/ [8] http://www.webmd.com/drugs/index-drugs.aspx [9] http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrology

Catcher in the Rye Essay

Author’s Background: J. D. Salinger was born on January 1, 1919, in New York City, New York. Jerome David Salinger was born to Sol Salinger and his wife Miriam (J. D. Salinger). Though he was a bright young man, when he attended McBurney School, he ended up flunking out and was soon after sent to Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne, Pennsylvania (J. D. Salinger). After graduating Valley Forge, a couple years later, Salinger finally found the right school, Columbia University, where he met Whit Burnett, who helped him take off in his writing career (J. D. Salinger). After returning to New York, his writings were published in the New Yorker magazine and other publishers. He continued to push forward with his writing career and finally, in 1951, the Catcher in the Rye was published and instantly went worldwide after World War II (American Literature). Though some critics were harsh in their reviews on the novel, it still grew more successful and vaulted Salinger into literary fame. The fame did not suit Salinger, so he remained secluded from the public. His only other published work while he was still alive was a short story called the â€Å"Hapworth. † He later died on January 27, 2010, in Cornish (J. D. Salinger). Impact of Work: Salinger’s work has had an impact on many Americans of the 20th century and today. Their are many opinions on his novel and whether or not it is considered conventional and well-written. Many agree that it is not a well-written novel, while some argue that it is very well-written and easy to connect with because his character, Holden Caulfield, points out much of the negative truth about society. His book was also considered to negatively impact society due to the fact that the man who shot John Lennon considered him to be â€Å"phony,† yet it was controversial. There was and still is an argument whether or not school’s should allow the continuation of reading this novel. Some accept this book and others don’t, but still this piece of literary work is still and will for a long time be both appreciated and neglected by some, it’s just a matter of opinion. Significance of Title: The significance of the title is easily found within he book. It is most obvious when Holden is having a conversation with his sister, Phoebe, and he tells her what he wants to do, which is to become a catcher in the rye. By this he means that in order to protect innocent children from falling over a cliff into the corruptness of the adult or â€Å"phony† world, he must catch them and save them from this stained fate. This idea that he has is crazy, and until this conversation, he did not realize the ridiculousness of his â€Å"plan. It is not until later in the book does he realize that this ambition that he has chased for so long is impossible to reach and that it’s inevitable to protect the youth from being introduced to impurity from society. Theme: One of the main themes that is found in the book is that by using introversion, one can protect oneself, yet can also hurt themselves in the process. Throughout the entire novel, Holden exemplifies this theme because even while trying to be social, Holden seems to shy away from becoming to close to any one person, including his family members. For example, at one point in the book, Phoebe hugged Holden, and he complained that she shows her affection too much. Even from the beginning of the book, it began with Holden’s alienation: while everyone else was at the football game, Holden was alone. Though the reader can see that this is the main reason for the cause of most of Holden’s internal problems, he nor anyone who does in fact associate with him, tries to correct this behavior. Other examples from the book are when he tries to call someone, and he could not even simply do that because his isolation has drove him to feel unwanted and neglected in some sort of way. He sees and criticizes so many of the corrupt people in the world that it drives him to become overwhelmed to simply speak to those he wants to connect with, such as Sally. Though he may not see that his introversion causes his mental and social decay, the reader can see that it may be the one cause for why he is so obsessed with the superficiality of society. Literary Devices: One of the literary devices that Salinger uses quite often is the use of symbolism. One of the symbols that are found in the novel are the ducks that he asks the taxi driver about. The ducks and Holden’s curiosity of them reveals his innocence, but the ducks could possibly represent the fact that there is change in the world, and though Holden does not like change, it can be noted that his curiosity would then lead to discoveries of the world, and some discoveries are likely to be negative and corrupt, while others can be innocent. Another symbol found in the book is the museum displays because they are unchanging and remain the same every time he visits the museum. These play a key role in highlighting the change that Holden goes through because he points out in the book that whenever he visits the displays, even though they have remained the same, Holden is the one that has been changing, and that creates a timidity in him when embracing the adult world. Both of these symbols are meant to highlight Holden’s development as a character, yet to also define the reasons why he is so against change in his life. Important Quotations: â€Å"‘†¦ I’m standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff—I mean if they’re running and they don’t look where they’re going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That’s all I’d do all day. I’d just be the catcher in the rye and all,’† (173). This quote is important because it gives the title its meaning and gives an explanation as to why Holden thinks the way he does about protecting the innocence of the children. It also exemplifies the oddness of Holden’s thought process and how blind he is to the reality of the world. The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobody’d move†¦ Nobody’d be different. The only thing that would be different would be you,† (121). From the earlier reference about the museum, Holden says this before he goes on his date with Sally, and this shows how much he dislikes change in his life. Yet, it can also be noted that because Holden can conclude that the displays never change, yet whoever goes in the museum does, that he is starting to grasp that change in one’s life is inevitable. The thing with kids is, if they want to grab for the gold ring, you have to let them do it, and not say anything. If they fall off, they fall off, but it’s bad if you say anything to them,† (211). This is also a major turning point in the novel because Holden finally comes to terms with the fact that it is impossible for him to protect children from encountering the impurity of the world and at this point, he then faces reality, and there is an obvious change in his character.

Possible Danger Signs on 2017 Ap Lang Essay Samples You Must Know

Possible Danger Signs on 2017 Ap Lang Essay Samples You Must Know The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the vast majority of our clients require is essay writing. It is possible to employ the Best Essay Writing Service and receive an original custom made essay written by a seasoned writer. Nowadays it's very difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. When you're writing an English essay, you have zero chance to verify your paper by another individual. It should encompass your whole essay in only a single sentence. Knowing the question you're answering is the most crucial portion of AP writing. Each ought to be guided by means of a topic sentence that's a relevant portion of the introductory thesis statement. Attempt to make symmetry between your essay topic and the person that you are quoting. Life After 2017 Ap Lang Essay Samples Convince your reader that you're right. Format is dependent on what format is necessary by your teacher or professor. In addition, the paragraph doesn't support the notion that polite speech conveys tone online as it primarily focuses on the absence of polite speech on some sections of the web. Select a text which may have opposing viewpoints. Many times, it includes a text which you should analyze. Based on your assignment, you may have to pick a main text. Never forget your body paragraphs are somewhat more important than the conclusion, and therefore don't slight them merely to put in a conclusion. But when you have finished reading, write a one-sentence summary close to the surface of the source. The small note at the conclusion of the prompt about avoiding plot summary is extremely important. If you can't determine what the question is, return and reread the prompt. Just be sure you can back this up and give excellent reasons for questioning your sources. If you've always experienced difficulties with this sort of assignment or couldn't find relevant data to supply solid arguments, our experts are at your services. To make certain you will see a complete answer to every question, we've got a support team that is always online. Organize your ideas logically, and take care to stay on this issue. Whenever you choose to ask us for skilled aid, don't hesitate to get in touch with our support managers. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, and make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. Use the assistance of true academic experts and receive the service you have earned! Tell our experts what kind of homework help on the internet you will need to get. What You Should Do to Find Out About 2017 Ap Lang Essay Samples Before You're Left Behind Tie every cla im you make to a bit of evidence to make sure the ideal essay possible. The source material used have to be cited in the essay as a way to be considered legitimate. Instead, you would like to analyze the essay and be sure your claim is supported. More frequently than not, folks may get very confused about different varieties of essays and the kinds of writing styles they should employ, thus we hope this article has provided you a better comprehension of what good essay topics you may write about. The body paragraphs are the center of the essay. It can help you to produce several ideas, decide on an opinion, craft a great thesis, and sketch out an excellent outline. From here on, you've got to come up with an exceptional interpretation of the means by which the structure contributes to the meaning. It's so tempting to summarize the sources, especially when you're in the center of your synthesis essay and worried you're running out of time. The Little-Known Secrets to 2017 Ap Lang Essay Samples Rehashing exactly the same ideas does not draw in viewers in the very same way that being a modest controversial does. To start with, anxiety in the language learning is thought of as one of the most significant affective aspects, that has been studied since the 1970s. Many times, the logic of somebody with OCD will appear superstitious, like an insistence in walking in a particular pattern. The term synthesis is understood to be a blend of elements to form a connected whole. Many schools give an elongated school day with classes that frequently appeal especially to gifted students. AP instructors get a score sheet showing the individual score for every one of their students, in addition to some score info and national averages. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Every student necessitates help with homework from time to time. Make certain you articulate a very clear position in your paper and that you adhere to it from beginning to finish. The second point, that making connections is a kind of thinking which can be taught, can't be proven until the very first point has been sufficiently supported. The label on top will allow you to keep tabs on the documents. In case the answer is yes, attempt to structure your argument in order for your points build off one another.

Lincoln-Douglas Debate Essay examples - 1458 Words

Every single moment that takes place in history arguably leaves an effect that lasts much longer than just the initial outcome. The Lincoln Douglas Debates are by far one of the truest examples of this happening. The seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas that took place in 1858 had extreme importance in Illinois that created effects that decided the presidential election of 1860. The Lincoln Douglas debates were a series of several debates that took place all over the state of Illinois. In these debates, two men argued in order to express their beliefs and standpoints on certain issues, primarily slavery, in an attempt to be elected into a seat in the U.S. Senate. The two men that participated in these debates were†¦show more content†¦Abraham Lincoln began as a lawyer born in Kentucky who gained attention to himself through having contrasting beliefs to Douglas over the topic of slavery. Through the Lincoln Douglas debates, Lincoln morphed into a candidate prepared to become an unforgettable president (History). On June 16, 1858 made the statement â€Å"a house divided against itself cannot stand,† in a speech about slavery, deeply contrasting with Douglas’s views and speaking about the conspiracy of the democratic plot to get slavery legalized in every state. This conspiracy, of course, was being partly conspired by Stephen Douglas. Three weeks later, Stephen Douglas refuted these claims while also calling Abraham Lincoln a dangerous abolitionist (Looking for Lincoln). Being an abolitionist at the time held a very negative connotation because abolitionists were often irrational extremists (Morel 4). The following evening, in the exact same place as Douglas had spoken, Lincoln spoke once more. The Lincoln Douglas debates all began due to the fact that Douglas had been travelling all over the state of Illinois making speeches in order to increase the likelihood of his chance to be reelected into the U.S. Senate. More often than not, less than a week later, sometimes the very same night, the annoying Republican candidate, Lincoln would follow suit and speak to the same group ofShow MoreRelatedLincoln and Douglas Debates1171 Words   |  5 PagesLincoln and Douglas Debates The Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the republican candidate, and the incumbent Senator Stephen Douglas, a Democratic Party candidate, for a seat in the United States Senate. During the time period of the debates, Senators were elected by state legislators; therefore Lincoln and Douglas were competing for their respective parties to win control of the Illinois Legislature. 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